Agastya Tax Academy

EA Test Part 3 Review Summary Glossary Notes

Forms

8275 - Tax Position Disclosure Statement:
8275-R - Tax Position on Regulation Disclosure Statement
8821 - Tax Information Authorization
8862 - Claim Credits after Disallowance
8857 - Seeking Relief from Joint Liability:
8867 - Paid Preparer's Due Diligence Checklist
8879 - e-file Signature Authorization
8886 - Reportable Transaction Disclosure
8888 - Allocation of Refund
8944 - E-file Hardship Exemption
8948 - Preparer Explanation for Not Filing Electronically.

9423 - Collection Appeal Request
9465 - Installment Agreement Request

12153 - Request for a Collection Due Process or Equivalent Hearing
13551 - CAA Application
14157 - Return Preparer Complain

Form 23 - Enrolled Agent Application

656 - Offer in Compromise Program "Doubt as to collectibility"
656-L - Offer in Compromise Program "Doubt as to liability".
911 - Taxpayer Advocate Service

1127 - Extension of Time for Payment

2848 - Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative

4564 - Information Document Request (IDR

- US I Savings Bonds: Up to $5000 ($50 increments).

Legal Authority

- 3 branches of government -> Executive -> includes IRS + Treasury Department.
- Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA): has oversight over IRS activities. Authorized by title 31 USC §330.

- Primary authority:
- Title 26 - Internal Revenue Code (IRC):
      Also Title 31 - Bank Secrecy Act: FBAR, etc. Filed with the Financial Crimes and
Enforcement Network (FinCEN), but enforcement was delegated to the IRS in 2003.
- Supreme Court rulings 

- Substantial authority: Can be used in court.
     - Treasury Regulations: The IRC authorizes the Treasury to interpret the IRC. Written by the IRS's Office of the Chief Counsel and approved by the US Treasury Secretary. Published in the Federal Register, then organized and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
         - Types:
             - Legislative Regulations: (more authoritative) Congress expressly delegates authority to the Treasury/IRS to provide the requirements.
             - Interpretive Regulations: (less authoritative) No grant of authority to interpret, so may be challenged on the grounds they don't reflect Congressional intent.
             - Procedural Regulations
- Classifications (stages):
             - Proposed regulations: Public commentary.
             - Temporary regulations: For 3 years. May never become final. (Didn't used to expire.)
             - Final regulations: Published in the Federal Register.
- Court challenge: IRS is bound to follow its regulations, but the courts are not. The
regulations can be challenged in court (but not by appealing to the IRS).
             - Can be challenged if: outside power of the Treasury, conflicts with a statute, deemed unreasonable by the courts.
- Court cases
- Administrative pronouncements
- Tax treaties
- Congressional intent, as reflected in committee reports

- IRS Guidance: (IRS Publications) Not substantial authority to avoid understatement or accuracy related penalties. Not binding in court, but can be used for guidance.
      - IRS publications and form instructions
      - Revenue Rulings: States an IRS position. Numbered each year ("2022-1", etc.).
      - Revenue Procedures: Instructions concerning an IRS position.
      - Private letter rulings (PLR): TP requested guidance. Legally binding to the IRS if the TP gave full/accurate info. Made public, but with personal info redacted. Costs $10k+.
      - Technical advice memoranda (TAMS): Internal guidance from the IRS Office of Chief Counsel on request of the IRS director.
      - Internal Revenue Manual (IRM): For IRS employees to follow, but is public.
      - IRS notices: Misc

Freedom of Information Act Requests (FOIA)

- Uses: Can get copy of client's audit records. Request own Centralized Authorization File (CAF) client list.
- Required they comply except: national security, the privacy of individuals, the proprietary interests of business, the functioning of the government, and other vital recognized interests.
- 20 business days to respond (supposed to).

IRS Divisions

   - Large Business & International Division (LB&I): Assets > $10M.
   - Small Business/Self-Employed Division (SB/SE): Assets < $10M, gift tax, estates, Sch. C/E/F, etc.
   - Wage and Investment Division: Domestic W-2 employee TPs.
   - Tax-Exempt and Government Entities Division: Employee plans (including IRAs), exempt organizations, and government entities.

Taxpayer Bill of Rights

   - The Right to Be Informed
   - The Right to Quality Service
   - The Right to Pay No More than the Correct Amount of Tax
   - The Right to Challenge the IRS’s Position and Be Heard
   - The Right to Appeal an IRS Decision in an Independent Forum
   - The Right to Finality
   - The Right to Privacy
   - The Right to Confidentiality
   - The Right to Retain Representation
   - The Right to a Fair and Just Tax System

Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS)

    - Independent org within the IRS. Free.
    - Form 911

Practice Before the IRS

Publication 947 (read)

"Practice before the IRS":
     - Corresponding and communicating with the IRS
     - Representing a TP at conferences, hearings, or meetings with the IRS
     - Preparing/filing documents with the IRS (but not tax returns).
     - Providing written advice that has a potential for tax avoidance/evasion

Not "practice before the IRS":
     - Representation of TPs before the US Tax Court (is separate)
     - Being a witness for a TP (but not advocating/helping the TP).
     - Preparing a tax return.

Court Cases:
     - Loving vs. IRS (2014): IRS lost -> IRS can't mandate education requirements for tax preparers.
    - Steele vs. United States (2017): IRS lost -> can't charge a fee for PTINs. Then IRS won on appeal, so can charge for PTINs.
   - Sexton vs. Hawkins: Can't stop felons from preparing tax returns.

Enrolled Practitioners:
   - Attornies, CPAs, EAs: Unlimited practicing.
   - Enrolled Actuaries: Limited to actuary stuff.
   - Enrolled Retirement Plan Agents (ERPAs): Limited to retirement plan stuff.

IRS departments:
    - Return Preparer Office (RPO): Issues PTINs, AFSP testing, and continuing ed.

Unenrolled Tax Return Preparers

Can not:

    - Represent TPs before appeals officers, revenue officers, counsel, or similar officers, or employees of the IRS or Department of Treasury.
   - Execute closing agreements
   - Extend the statutory period for tax assessments or collection of tax
   - Execute waivers
   - Execute claims for refund
   - Sign any document on behalf of a taxpayer

Annual Filing Season Program (AFSP)

   - Voluntary, non-credentialed preparers, just "record of completion".
   - Requirements: Having a PTIN, consent to duties/restrictions in Circular 230, pass a comprehension test after taking a course. Then 18 hours of CE, including 6 hours Annual Federal Tax Refresher.
   - Refresher course/exam exempt if: Did state program for OR, CA, or MD. Or  passed SEE Part
      1. VITA volunteers. Or Accreditation Council for Accountancy and Taxation's Accredited Business Accountant/Advisor (ABA), or Accredited Tax Preparer (ATP).
- Can represent the TP only for a tax return the preparer did and signed. And only before the examination division of the IRS.

Limited Practice Due to "Special Relationship":

    - Self
    - Family member: Includes spouse, child, parent, brother, or sister.
    - An officer: of a corporation (including a parent, subsidiary, or affiliated corporation), association, organized group, or governmental agency.
    - A partner: A GP (not an LP). .
    - An employee: A regular full-time employee can represent his employer. An employer can be an individual, partnership, corporation, association, trust, receivership, guardianship, estate, or organized group, or a governmental unit, agency, or authority.
    - A fiduciary: A fiduciary (trustee, executor, personal representative, administrator, receiver, or guardian).
    - Qualifying Student or Law Graduate working in a LITC or STCP: A taxpayer may authorize a student who works in a qualified Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) or Student Tax Clinic Program (STCP) to represent them under a special appearance authorization issued by the Taxpayer Advocate Service.
- Authorization for Special Appearances: Request made to the OPR, Commissioner of the IRS or a delegate can authorize it.

Not eligible:

- Lost eligibility because of suspension or disbarment by the OPR, or not meeting the requirements for renewal (lacking CE, etc.).
- Anyone lost eligibility to practice before the IRS, even if named as power of attorney.

PTIN

    - Required if paid to prepare a return (if there is agreement for compensation, but gifts ok), or to be an EA. US citizenship not required. Must be a real person (not a corporation, association, partnership, etc.).
    - Not required for: Tax advice about future events. Typing/copying assistance. Employee preparing a return for an employer. Fiduciary for a trust/estate. VITA/TCPE volunteers. IRS employee.

EFIN

    - Needed to e-file returns. Foreigners without an SS # are not eligible.

Enrolled Agent Licensing

   - Either complete the EA exams, or 5 years of experience with the IRS with recommendation of their superior officer. Also must be 18+, pass a background check. Apply with Form 23.
   - Denial of enrollment: Disreputable acts, failure to file returns or pay taxes. RPO must inform the applicant. Can appeal within 30 days.
  - Renewal: Every 3 years. Between 11/1 and 1/31 (prior to 4/1 of the year the next enrollment cycle begins). Will check to see if the EA filed / paid taxes on time.
  - CE: 72 hours for each 3 year cycle (is 2 hours/month for the first partial cycle) . Min. of 16 hours/year, including 2 hours/year of tax ethics.

IRS Power of Attorney (POA)

    - Form 2848 - Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative
         - Up to 4 tax practitioners authorized per form, personal name (not company name), PTIN if have one.
        - One form per TP (even if MFJ filers, have to do both separately).
        - Can be used by unenrolled people if for a close family member, executor for an estate, or AFSP for only the returns they filed.
       - Must specify tax years, limited to 3 future years from date of the POA.
       - Termination: Is terminated if the TP becomes incapacitated/incompetent. Or the TP revokes it, or the preparer withdraws it (must write "revoke" or "withdraw" and mail/fax the 2848).
       - Not required for: Preparing a return, providing info to the IRS at their request, using form 8821 Tax Information Authorization instead, third party designee via the checkbox on the return, tax matters parter as part of a partnership, a fiduciary/executor about the estate.
  - Durable Power of Attorney: non-IRS POA. Can continue if the TP becomes
incapacitated/incompetent, but ends on death. Accepted by the IRS if contains all of the information on a form 2848 with a signed statement.

Form 8821, Tax Information Authorization

    - Also used by mortgage lenders, employers, etc. to get tax info.
    - Not to represent the TP, just to get info.
    - Specify prior years, and up to 3 future years.

Centralized Authorization File (CAF)
   - IRS's computer database record of authorizations (form 2848/8821). Get a 9-digit CAF number with the first one.

Third-Party Authorizations

   - "Checkbox authority" on the 1040. Only to ask about processing of the current year tax return, expires on the next year's return due date. Can't be used for past tax year returns. Useful to call to ask about refund status.

Privacy of Taxpayer Information

   - Section 7216 - Unauthorized disclosure of TP tax return info. Civil penalties (even if accidental) +criminal penalties (if knowing/reckless).
        - Ok to disclose: Related TP (spouses, minor child & parent, grandchild/grandparent, GP in a partnership, trust/estate beneficiary, fiduciary/executor of the estate of the deceased TP (verify "letter of Testamentary"), corporate shareholder, members of a controlled group of corps. TP's interest is not adverse, and disclosure isn't prohibited (by court, etc.).
        - Other consent not required: court order / subpoena (must specify the document), federal/state government agency (admin order, etc from IRS etc), to report a crime to authorities (even if wrong), for peer reviews (for CPAs), to preparer's attorney or IRS in connection with investigation of the preparer.
        - Should get written disclosure if estranged spouses. If requested from a mortgage broker etc, just give the info to the TP to give to them.

- Limited Confidentiality Privilege
     - For credentialed professionals.
     - Federally Authorized Tax Practitioner Confidentiality Privilege (FATP) - Noncriminal tax matters before the IRS, or federal court case by/against the US. IRS only, not other government agencies.
     - Not: Criminal matters, tax shelter, state tax, the tax return itself. .
     - Certified Acceptance Agents (CAA)
- To get an ITIN: ITINs expire after 3 years of not being used.
- TP can mail original password/birth certificate.
- Go in person to IRS service center.
        - Use a CAA
  - Form 13551 CAA Application: To become a CAA. Don't have to be an EA.

Circular 230

(but not updated since 2013).

Diligence as to Accuracy §10.22: Due diligence is required

   - Reliance on Others: Presumed to have exercised due diligence if relies on the work product of another and it seems consistent/complete. (e.j. Using past year depreciation schedule.)

Best Practices §10.33: Good to do but not mandatory.
https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-utl/guidance_regarding_professional_obligations_under_circular_230.pdf

   - Communicate clearly with the client about the terms (engagement letter)..
   - Reasonable facts/assumptions/application of law.
   - Advise client of conclusions reached and the impact of it.
   - Acting fairly and with integrity.

Competence §10.35: Having appropriate level of knowledge/skill from consultation, study, etc.

Knowledge of Client's Omission §10.21: From past return, while consulting, etc. Must notify client of error/omission promptly and explain consequences. But not responsible for correcting it or notifying the IRS.

Conflicts of Interest §10.29: Clients are adverse, ex-spouses, etc. involve two clients, self, or third party.
    - Must: reasonably believe can provide competent/diligent representation. Not prohibited by law. Clients waives the conflict of interest and gives informed consent in writing, within 30 days of giving any non-written consent (identifying the nature of the conflict). Retain for 36 months after end of representation.

IRS Information Requests §10.20: Practitioner must comply and submit records promptly, or tell them who has the records, or make a "reasonable inquiry" of the client about the location of the records.
   - Practitioner not required to ask any thirty party, or verify any info.
   - Practitioner may not interfere with the request if it's lawful and not privileged under section 7525.

Return of Client Records §10.28: Have to return client's records on request. Don't have to return work product that they haven't paid for. Practitioner may retain copies of records.

Copies of Tax Returns - IRC §6107: preparers are required to give a copy of a return to the TP on or before the time that the TP signs it.
     - Preparers must keep a copy of all returns (recommended) or a list of clients and returns prepared (allowed but not recommended). Keep at least 3 years after filing date.

Practitioner Fees §10.27:
- Can't charge "unconscionable fees."
- Can't charge contingent fees (based on taxes saved or a specific result).
       - Allowed: Representation during an audit ("reexamination"), during the audit of an amended return filed within 120 days of the TP receiving a written IRS notice of the original return, services for dealing with an IRS penalty/interest charge, or judicial proceedings.
      - (Ridgely v Lew court case in 2014: IRS lost, so for now the IRS probably can't enforce the restriction on contingent fees, but wasn't a supreme court case so could be challenged. Consider contingent fees to still be not allowed when answering questions for the EA exam.)

Advertising Restrictions §10.30
   - Can't be misleading, deceptive, etc.
   - EAs can't use term "certified", or imply IRS employment. Allowed: "enrolled to represent taxpayers before the Internal Revenue Service," "enrolled to practice before the Internal Revenue Service," and "admitted to practice before the Internal Revenue Service."
   - Solicitation Restrictions: Can't violate federal/state law or other rules. Can't re-contact anyone who asked not to be solicited.
   - Mail Advertising: Must be clearly labeled as advertising, source of information about the recipient must be identified.
   - Keep a copy: Mail/e-mail/TV/radio: Must keep a copy of the ad for at least 36 months.
   - Fee Information: If publishing a fee schedule, must adhere to it for at least 30 days after publishing it. Can be fixed fees for services, hourly rate, range of fees, or initial consult fee.
  - Can't use IRS logo/insignia in ads except the IRS e-file logo (if authorized provider). Can use the new EA logo (new one without the eagle head).

Negotiation of Taxpayer Refund Checks §10.31

    - Can't endorse/cash a refund check issued to the TP or redirecting by any method.
    - Can't use Form 8888 - Allocation of Refund to enter own bank info to get a fee.
    - Applies to any practitioner, not just the tax preparer.

Other Duties and Prohibited:

   - No Delay Tactics Allowed §10.23: Must not unreasonably delay the prompt disposition of any matter before the IRS.
   - No Employment of Disbarred or Suspended Persons §10.24: Even if temporary suspension (or an EA etc.).
   - Practice by Former Government Employees §10.25: Gov employee/associates can't represent/assist a TP on same matters after leaving the position or if a violation of US law.
   - Performance as a Notary §10.26: Can't notarize documents if they have an interest in the document/matter (if they did tax work on it).

Signature Requirements:

   - Preparer Signature / PTIN: Must sign the return (e-sign, typed, stamp, etc.) under penalty of perjury, and fill out the preparer info, including PTIN before giving the return to the TP. Only one primary preparer can sign it.
   - TP signature: Must sign, affirming accuracy under penalty of perjury. Paper return requires a wet signature.

Requirements for Written Advice §10.37

   - Base it on reasonable factual/legal assumptions, consider all relevant facts, relate applicable law.
   - Don't rely on unreasonable info from the TP.
   - "Audit lottery": Don't say it's ok to do something questionable because they probably won't get audited.

Standards for Tax Returns and Documents §10.34

   - Preparers must not willfully sign a return that:
   - Lacks a reasonable basis.
   - Is an unreasonable position (see IRC §6694(a) (2)).
   - Is a willful attempt to understate tax or reckless/intentional disregard of rules/regulations.

- Tax Position Definitions:

    - More likely than not: > 50% likelihood it would be upheld if IRS challenged.
    - Substantial authority: (about 40%-50% likelihood) Authoritative sources support it.
    - Reasonable basis: (about > 25% likelihood) Minimum standard, not frivolous, somewhat likely to be sustained. Only if disclosing the position on the return and it's not frivolous.
           - Form 8275 - Disclosure Statement: To disclose positions that are questionable or unusual, but still has a reasonable basis. Can't be used to avoid penalties related to negligence, disregard of regulations, or understatement on a tax shelter.
          - Form 8275-R - Regulation Disclosure Statement: (rare) To disclose a position that is contrary to Treasury regulations, so it will be likely litigated in court.
   - Unreasonable position: Without substantial authority, or an undisclosed position without a reasonable basis.
   - Frivolous position: (0%) No reasonable basis. Practitioner must not sign.

Advising Clients on Potential Penalties: Must tell client if there are likely penalties that may result from taking a position on a return.

Reliance on Information from Clients: Not required to verify information, but can't ignore contrary information/knowledge, and must make reasonable inquiries if the information appears incorrect.

Reporting Requirements for Tax Shelter Activities

   - Tax shelter activities (a "listed transaction") that have potential for tax avoidance/evasion.
   - Form 8886, Reportable Transaction Disclosure: For each reportable tax shelter transaction.
   - Penalties: In addition to 30% understatement of tx, civil penalty of 75%, possibly criminal penalties. Can happen even with disclosure.
   - IRS will find promoters and get their list of clients to audit.

Firm Compliance Procedures §10.36

   - Tax firm owner must ensure all members/associates/employees comply with Circular 230.
   - Subject to sanctions if they know other members have a pattern of noncompliance and fail to take action.

Form 8867 Paid Preparer's Due Diligence Checklist

     - Applies to: EITC, CTC/ACTC/ODC, AOTC/LCL, HOH filing.

- Requirements:
     - Form 8867 Paid Preparer's Due Diligence Checklist: For each credit, each year. Specify documents used, if any.
         - Must ask questions and document the answers.
     - Compute the Credits on the Required Worksheets: Keep worksheets even if not submitted (the software generates them).
     - Apply the Knowledge Requirement: Preparer must know the law, apply common sense, recognize obvious fraud or contradictions, not know any information is incorrect. Ask questions and document answers.
     - Recordkeeping Compliance Requirements: Form 8867, applicable worksheets, any documents or written proof used, record of how/when/from whom information was obtained. Keep records for 3 years.

- Preparer penalties: Employers of tax preparers can also be penalized. $560 per failure (per credit, can be multiple per return).
- TP penalties: Must pay back credit with interest, may need to file form 8862 to Claim Credits after Disallowance the next year. If reckless/intentional disregard of the rules: can't claim the credit for the next 2 years. Or 10 year ban if fraud.
- Proof of child, relationship, etc:
     - Birth certificate, SS card, etc: Not required, but if using evidence, must keep a copy.
         - SS card "NOT VALID FOR EMPLOYMENT" - Not valid for work. "VALID FOR WORK ONLY WITH INS AUTHORIZATION" - Valid for work only with a green card.

Record Keeping

- Misc supporting documents: Not specific requirements, but keep any documents used. Expense amounts can't just be estimates.
       - Financial documents: Bank statements, brokerage, receipts.
       - Legal: Birth certs, divorce decrees.
       - Business entity: Partnership agreement, corporate bylaws/minutes.
       - Expense records: Mileage logs, receipts, charitable receipts. Especially for travel expenses.

Statute of Limitations for Records Retention:

   - IRS assessment of tax owed: 3 years from date was due or filed (whichever is later). Or 6 years if the TP omitted > 25% of their gross income. Or no limit if fraud or no return filed.
   - Filing a claim for credit/refund: (by filing the return or amend the return) 3 years from date the original due date of the return (or the date filed if it was filed on extension), or 2 years from the date the tax was paid (whichever is later).
      - Worthless securities claim: (special exception) 7 years.
   - Property records: Must keep records related to the basis until after the property is sold + statute of limitations (see above).
   - Employment Tax Records: Payroll / employment tax records (IDs, wage info, etc.) for 4+ years after the tax becomes due or is paid, whichever is later.

Penalties

Penalty for Substantial Understatement: Understatement is $5000+ and > 10% (or 5% if it's a 199A deduction claim) of the tax owed.

Penalty for Valuation Misstatement: (such as for a charitable donation)
    - "Substantial" §6662(e): Overstated by 150%+ resulting in $5000 tax underpayment ($10,000 for C corps) = penalty is 20% of tax underpayment.
    - "Gross" §6662(h): Overstated by 200%+ resulting in $5000 tax underpayment ($10,000 for C corps) = penalty is 40% of tax underpayment. 

Fraud: Proven to be deliberate/intentional. Penalty is 75% of the tax understatement. May not apply to other spouse of a joint return if only related to one spouse.
   - Filing a false return, hiding/omitting assets/income, false deductions, second set of books, covering up source of receipts.

Frivolous Tax Return Penalty or Alteration of the Jurat (§6702): Penalty of $5000, plus failure-to-file/pay penalty, etc. Just putting zeros on everything, tax conspiracy theory nonsense, etc.
   - $25,000 penalty for making the frivolous argument in US tax court.

Trust Fund Recovery Penalty (TFRP) (§6672): Employer withheld FICA not remitted. 100% of the amount of unpaid.

Penalties Imposed on Tax Preparers: https://www.irs.gov/payments/tax-preparer-penalties
     - Failure to furnish copy to taxpayer, Failure to sign return, Failure to furnish identifying number (PTIN), Failure to retain copy or list of returns, Failure to file correct information returns: $55 each, capped at $28k.
  - Negotiation of check: (endorsing a check payable to another person) $560 penalty.
  - Credit due diligence failure: EITC, CTC/ACTC/ODC, AOTC/LCL, HOH. $560 penalty.
  - Promoting Abusive Tax Shelters:
     - False statements about the tax benefits: 50% of the gross income the person made for the activity.
    - Provides a gross valuation overstatement: 100% of the gross income for the activity, up to $1000. Per each entity/arrangement.

  - Understatement of Taxpayer's Liability:
      - Due to unreasonable positions: (§6694(a)) $1000 (or 50% of the preparer fee if greater).
     - Willful or reckless conduct: (§6694(b)) $5000 (or 75% of the preparer fee if greater).
     - Helping the TP with understatement of Tax Liability: (§6701) $1000, or $10,000 for a corporate return. Per TP, per tax period.

  - Disclosure or Use of Information: (disclosure after 2019-07-01). $250/disclosure, up to $10,000/year. Or if connected to identity theft $1000/disclosure, up to $50,000/year.
    - Knowing or Reckless Disclosure or Use of Information: (misdemeanor) Up to $1000 + cost of prosecution, up to 1 year prison.
  - Fraud and False Statements: (felony) Up to $100,000 ($500,000 for a corp) + cost of prosecution, up to 3 years prison.

•  Appeal: The process through which taxpayers can challenge an IRS decision or
  assessment, requesting a review by an independent Appeals Officer.
•  Audit: An examination of a taxpayer's financial records and tax returns by the IRS to verify accuracy and compliance.
• Automated Under Reporter (AUR) Program: A program conducted by the IRS to identify discrepancies or underreported income by matching taxpayer data with information reported by third parties.
• Collection Due Process (CDP): The right of a taxpayer to request a hearing before the IRS takes collection actions, such as levies or seizures.
•  Correspondence Audit: An audit conducted through written communication between the taxpayer and the IRS, typically addressing specific issues or discrepancies. This kind of audit is normally aimed at charities and other non-profits.
• Delinquent Return: A tax return that is filed after the due date, potentially subjecting the taxpayer to penalties and interest.
• Earned Income: Income earned through employment or self-employment activities, including wages, salaries, and business profits.
•  Innocent Spouse Relief: A provision that allows a taxpayer to be relieved of tax liabilities resulting from a spouse's or ex-spouse's erroneous or fraudulent actions. Innocent spouse relief can relieve you from paying additional taxes if your spouse understated taxes due on your joint tax return and you didn't know about the errors.
• Tax Court: A federal court where taxpayers can dispute IRS determinations and
  decisions.
• Tax Evasion: The illegal act of intentionally evading payment of taxes owed by
  underreporting income or inflating deductions.
• Tax Fraud: The intentional act of deceiving the IRS by providing false or misleading information on a tax return.
• Tax Lien Certificate: A certificate issued to a purchaser at a tax lien auction, providing them with the right to collect the unpaid taxes plus interest from the property owner.
• Tax Levy Release: The removal of a tax levy on a taxpayer's property, typically due to successful resolution of the tax debt.
• Taxpayer Advocate Service (TAS): An independent organization within the IRS that assists taxpayers in resolving problems with the IRS. TAS Services are available for both Individuals & Business.

  - Fraudulent Returns/Statements/Documents: (misdemeanor) Up to $10,000 ($50,000 for a corp, up to 1 year prison.

  - Information Return Penalties, §6723
      - Form W-2, Form W-2G, Form 1099-MISC, Form 1099-R, and Form 1099-NEC - $50/return if forgot to file. $110 > 30 days but before 8/1. After 8/1 $280. If was intentional $570.

Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR): Discipline / sanctions.

  - Attorneys/CPAs interaction with the IRS
  - EAs, enrolled retirement plan agents (ERPAs), and enrolled actuaries.
  - Qualified appraisers (for tax matters)
  - AFSP certificate holders
  - Other licensed and unlicensed individuals who give written advice that has potential for tax avoidance/evasion.
  - Any person submitting a power of attorney for tax matters (agreed on form 2848).

Practitioner misconduct handled by OPR:
   - While representing a taxpayer
   - Practitioner's own tax return
   - Giving a false opinion knowingly, recklessly, or through gross incompetence
   - Misconduct not directly involving IRS representation (conviction of a non-tax criminal act)

Referrals to OPR:

  - Mandatory: Promoting abusive tax shelters, aiding understatement of tax, injunction of preparer, injunction for tax shelters / reportable transactions.
  - Discretionary: Accuracy related, understatement because of an unreasonable position, failure to furnish copy of return, failure to sign, keep a copy/list of returns, frivolous returns.
  - Other common reasons: Cashing/diverting refund, pattern of misconduct over years, potential conflict of interest situations.
  - TP complaint: Form 14157 Return Preparer Complain. Can be anonymous.

Disciplinary Sanctions:

  - Reprimand: Private warning.
  - Censure: Public reprimand. May place conditions are future representations.
  - Suspension: 1-60 months.
  - Disbarment: 5 years minimum. Then can petition for reinstatement.
  - Monetary Penalty: Can be in addition to the above.

Process:

  - Complaint requirements: Name the respondent, clear and concise description of the facts, signed by the director of the OPR, type of sanction, duration of suspension (if any), date for practitioner to respond by (at least 30 days).
     - Copies of evidence must be served within 10 days.

• Trust Fund Recovery Penalty: A penalty imposed on individuals who are responsible for collecting and paying employment taxes on behalf of a business but fail to do so.
• Underpayment Penalty: A penalty imposed on taxpayers who have not paid enough taxes throughout the year, typically due to under-withholding or underestimating their tax liability.
• Voluntary Disclosure: The act of voluntarily reporting previously undisclosed income or assets to the IRS, typically in exchange for reduced penalties or criminal prosecution.
• Whistle-blower: An individual who provides information to the IRS about tax non-compliance by another taxpayer, potentially eligible for a monetary reward.
• Withholding Compliance Program: An IRS program designed to ensure employers comply with income tax withholding and reporting requirements for employees.
• Written Determination: A formal decision or ruling issued by the IRS in response to a taxpayer's request for clarification or guidance on a specific tax issue.
• Accuracy Penalty: A penalty imposed on taxpayers for substantial understatement ormisstatement of income tax on their returns.
•  Circular 230: Regulations governing practice before the IRS, including rules of
  conduct for tax professionals.
• Compliance: The act of meeting tax obligations, including filing returns, making
  payments, and maintaining accurate records.
• Criminal Investigation (CI): The division of the IRS responsible for investigating potential criminal violations of tax laws.
•  Delinquency: The status of a taxpayer who has failed to file a tax return or pay taxes by the due date.
•  Examination: The process of reviewing and verifying a taxpayer's financial records, deductions, and compliance with tax laws.
• Foreign Bank Account Reporting (FBAR): The requirement for U.S. persons to
  report foreign financial accounts exceeding a certain threshold to the Treasury
  Department.
• Innocent Spouse Rule: A rule that provides relief for taxpayers who filed a joint
  returnbut should not be held responsible for their spouse's tax liabilities.
• Instalment Sale: The sale of property where the buyer pays in instalments over time, spreading out the recognition of gain.
• Preparer Penalties: Penalties imposed on tax return preparers for certain
  misconduct,such as wilful or reckless disregard of tax rules.
• Protest: A formal disagreement or challenge against an IRS determination or
  proposed assessment.
• Representation: Acting on behalf of a taxpayer in dealing with the IRS, including communication, negotiations, and dispute resolution.
• Small Case Request: A request made by a taxpayer to have their case handled
  under the Small Case program, which provides a more informal process. A request made bya taxpayer to have their case handled under the Small Case program only in case if theamount of case is $50,000 or less for any one tax year, the decision of the tax court isfinal (meaning, one cannot appeal).
• Statutory Notices: Official written notices issued by the IRS to inform taxpayers of assessments, audits, or other actions taken against them.
• Tax Liabilities: The amount of taxes owed by a taxpayer based on their income,
  deductions, and applicable tax rates.
• Tax Planning: The process of arranging financial affairs to minimize tax liability
  withinthe boundaries of the law. The concept of tax planning is to save money and mitigateone’s tax burden.
• Tax Relief: Programs or provisions that provide assistance or reduction of tax burdens to eligible taxpayers.
  - Delivery: Certified mail; first-class mail if returned undelivered by certified mail; private delivery service; in person; or by leaving the complaint at the office of the practitioner. Not email, phone, etc.
  - Practitioner response: Can admit, deny, or state not enough info to know. Can't deny a material allegation if they know it to be true. No response is admission of guilt -> sanctions imposed without a hearing.
  - Hearing: Administrative law judge decides (not OPR). Parties can use attorneys.
    - For suspension/disbarment the OPR must give "clear and convincing evidence" that practitioner willfully violated provisions.
    - 180 days for the judge to decide.
  - Appeal: Either party can appeal the judge's decision with the Treasury Appellate Authority within 30 days. -> then "Final Agency Decision".
     - U.S. district court: Practitioner can contest the Final Agency Decision in a US district court. May win only if decision judged to be arbitrary/capricious, contrary to law, or an abuse of discretion.
  - Reinstatement: If disbarred, may petition for reinstatement after 5 years. OPR may reinstate if determine their conduct not likely to be in violation of regulations and in public interest.

Prohibited Actions during Suspension or Disbarment:

  - Can't practice before the IRS except to represent self/family.
  - Prepare/file documents with the IRS.
       - Except tax returns for compensation (Loving case).
  - Render written advice regarding any entity/transaction/plan/arrangement with the potential for tax avoidance/evasion.
  - Represent a client at conferences/hearings/meetings.
  - Execute waivers, consents, or closing agreements.
  - Receive a TP's refund check or sign a tax return on behalf of a TP.
  - File powers of attorney with the IRS.
  - Accept assistance from another person (or request assistance) or assist another person (or offer assistance) if the assistance relates to a matter constituting practice before the IRS. (Can't be hired to work for a tax practice at all.)
  - State/imply that they are eligible to practice before the IRS.

But can still:

  - Represent self/family.
  - Prepare returns for clients for compensation (due to Loving case).
  - Act as a trustee/fiduciary.
  - Appear as a witness for a TP.
  - Furnish information at the request of the IRS
  - Receive IRS information from a valid tax information authorization.

Tax Refund

  - Apply to next year's estimated tax.
  - Direct deposit: Savings/checking/retirement accounts (US banks only). Must be in the TP's name. Max 3 deposits into a single bank account. Preparer must accept any eligible financial institution and can't charge an extra fee for direct deposit. Preparer must advise TP that the direct deposit info can't be changed once the return is filed (verify each year).
- Paper check
- Split: among the two options above or up to 3 different account
- US I Savings Bonds: Up to $5000 ($50 increments)

• Enrolled Agent (EA): A federally authorized tax practitioner who is qualified to
  represent taxpayers before the IRS.
• Installment Agreement: A payment plan arranged between a taxpayer and the IRS forthe settlement of tax debt in monthly instalments.
• Levy: A legal seizure of a taxpayer's property by the IRS to satisfy a tax debt. A levy takes taxpayer’s property to satisfy tax debt.
•  Lien: A legal claim by the IRS on a taxpayer's property as security for the payment of atax debt.
•  Non-filer: A taxpayer who fails to file a tax return for a given tax year.
•  Offer in Compromise: An agreement between a taxpayer and the IRS that settles a taxdebt for less than the full amount owed
•  Power of Attorney (POA): A legal authorization granted by a taxpayer to another person, enabling them to represent the taxpayer before the IRS.
•  Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN): A unique identification number issued by the IRS to tax return preparers. A Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) is an 8- digit number issued by the IRS to Paid Tax return Preparers.
• Private Letter Ruling (PLR): A written statement issued by the IRS in response to a taxpayer's request for guidance on a specific tax issue.
•  Revenue Agent: An IRS employee responsible for conducting audits and
  examinationsof taxpayer records to determine compliance with tax laws.
•  Revenue Officer: An IRS employee responsible for collecting delinquent taxes and enforcing tax compliance.
• SFR (Substitute for Return): A tax return filed by the IRS on behalf of a taxpayer who has failed to file their own return.
• Statute of Limitations: The timeframe within which the IRS can audit or collect
  additional taxes from a taxpayer.
• Abatement: The reduction or elimination of penalties or interest assessed by the IRS.
• Accuracy-Related Penalty: A penalty imposed on taxpayers for underpayment of tax due to negligence, disregard of rules, or substantial understatement. For example,underpayment may happen if you don’t report income or claim deductions or creditsfor which you don’t qualify.

Tax Payment

Can pay anytime until the due date of the return (before/after ok).

   - Direct debit: Enter bank info on the tax return. Risky to the preparer if they make a mistake.
   - Credit card, debit card, or digital wallet: (added fee) Online, phone, or mobile device through an authorized payment processor. The processor charges a fee.
   - Personal check, cashier's check, money order.
   - Installment agreement: IRS Direct Debit Installment Agreement (DDIA) when a TP authorizes monthly payments from their bank.
  - Electronic Federal Tax Payment System (EFTPS): Required for businesses, individuals can use it but it's more clunky than Direct Pay. Can schedule payments in advance (businesses 120 days, individuals 365 days).
  - Electronic funds withdrawal (EFW): Withdrawal handled by the tax software.
  - Federal Tax Application (same-day wire transfer): Useful if the TP has a foreign bank (foreign bank must have a relationship with a US bank).
  - Direct Pay: (easiest/best option for the TP) IRS website payment from a bank account. Doesn't require signups.
  - Cash: IRS-approved retail stores (up to $500).

Payment plans:

  - Short Term Payment Plan: No fee, must be paid within 180 days. Individual TP only. No application, call to request or use website. Pay using Direct Pay, EFTPS, or check etc.
  - Installment Agreements (long term payment plan): Direct debit from bank account, or Direct Pay, EFTPS, check, etc. Individuals or businesses. TP must file all required tax returns. Must wait for returns to process and tax to be assessed. IRS charges a fee (can be waived for low income).
     - Form 9465 Installment Agreement Request, or can apply on the website (cheaper).
     - Guaranteed approval if: Owe $10k or less, timely filed all returns and paid taxes previous 5 years, IRS determines the TP can't pay the tax owed, TP agrees to pay within 3 years, TP has not done an installment agreement in past 5 years. May still get approved otherwise.
     - Automatic 30 day notice if the TP misses a payment. Reinstatement fee charged if goes to default.
  - Extension of Time for Payment (Form 1127): Application for Extension of Time for Payment of Tax Due to Hardship.

IRS Collections

  - Start of collections process: IRS sends a bill that must be paid within 30 days (with penalties/interest).
  - Collection Statute Expiration Date (CSED): 10 years from the start of collections (when the return is filed). No limit if the return was never filed.
     - Extended (suspended): While considering an installment agreement or an offer in compromise, when the TP requests a collection due process (CDP), while the TP is living outside the US, during a pending bankruptcy proceeding (plus additional 6 months added).
Collections methods:
    - Applying a state income tax refund to the federal balance due.
    - Automated Substitute for Return Program (ASFR / SFR): Substitute for return never filed for many years. Can be replaced by filing a real return.
   - Federal Tax Lien: For > $10k tax debt. Property secured to cover tax debt. Lien for the amount of the debt. Applies to all TP property (cars, real estate, accounts receivable).
       - Only after: IRS assesses the TP's liability (so it can't be pending or appealing), IRS sends a notice/demand, and the TP neglects to pay.
  - IRS seizure (Notice of Levy): Attach a taxpayer's assets, such as wages, pension benefits, annuities, SS benefits, retirement income.
      - Won't if: Pending installment agreement, pending appeal, pending Innocent Spouse, consideration of an offer in compromise, during bankruptcy (unless the court authorizes it), < $5k for seizure of real property, or if severe economic hardship (temporary).
      - Exempt: Clothes, school books, fuel, food, furniture, personal effects, personal weapons, livestock (limited), books/tools for a business (limited), undelivered mail, unemployment benefits, worker's comp, some annuity/pension payments (if payable by the military or Railroad Retirement Act), child support, certain public assistance (SSI for the aged/blind/disabled).
  - IRS Summons: (rare) To request records/documents (must be documents that exist) to ascertain correctness of a return, etc.
  - Appeal rights
        - Collection Due Process Hearings (CDP): Form 12153 Request for a Collection Due Process or Equivalent Hearing. After the IRS final notice of intent to levy or lien. Can still appeal to the tax court if the TP doesn't like the outcome.
        - Collection Appeals Program (CAP): Form 9423, Collection Appeal Request. Faster process, and can apply before getting a levy/lien letter, but the TP can't appeal the decision.

- Collection Financial Standards: Method to evaluate the TP's ability to pay based on income/expenses. Used for qualifying for OIC and CNC.

  - Offer in Compromise Program (OIC)
       - (Form 656) "Doubt as to collectibility" (impossible to pay it) or "exceptional circumstances" (serious economic hardship). Application fee (may be waived if low income).
      - (Form 656-L) "Doubt as to liability". No fee.
      - If rejected, TP may appeal within 30 days.

- "Currently Not Collectible" Status (CNC): If the TP has no ability to pay. If confirmed, the IRS must stop trying to collect the debt for a period of time.

Bankruptcy

   - Filing bankruptcy stops all assessment/collection of tax (good). Collection Statute Expiration Date collections clock is suspended while it's pending (bad).
   - Income tax debt can be discharged only if: related to a return due at least 3 years before bankruptcy filing, tax return filed at least 2 years before, tax assessment must be at least 240 days old, and TP cannot be guilty of tax evasion and the return can't be fraudulent or frivolous. May not seize a main home without approval of the IRS district director + judicial approval.

Seeking Relief from Joint Liability: Form 8857. Joint spouses are normally jointly responsible (regardless of person at fault, divorce decrees, etc.). Can apply for an exception for relief.

  - Innocent Spouse Relief: Other spouse made errors on the return (understated the tax), and the innocent spouse knew nothing about it. Can be still married. (IRS usually fights it, may have to go to tax court).
  - Separation of Liability Relief: Same situation as Innocent Spouse Relief, but additionally the spouses are divorced, or living apart for 12 months, or the other spouse is deceased. Allocates specific amounts to each of the spouses / ex-spouses.
  - Equitable Relief: May apply when a taxpayer does not qualify for the other two options. Also applies to unpaid tax (not just understatement). Considers the entire scenario, if there was abuse, or poor mental/physical health, etc.

- Injured Spouse: Other spouse had their return offset (kept) because of past due tax, child support, overdue student loans, etc. Injured spouse can apply to recoup their share of the tax refund. (Some states don't offer it.) Would have been better to just not file jointly.

Audits ("Examination")

- 1% of total, but more if high income, or returns claiming credits.

  - Types:
        - Correspondence audit: By mail. Most common, minor issues.
        - Office audit: At a nearby IRS field office.
        - Field examinations: Auditor goes to the TP's business or home.

  - Why selected for audit:
       - Potentially Abusive/Tax Avoidance Transactions
       - Computer Scoring/DIF Score: Discriminant Inventory Function System (DIF). Secret scoring system.
       - Information Matching: Return didn't match known income info, etc.
       - Related Examinations: Related to business partners, investors, etc. with issues.
       - Third-Party Information: Tips, public records, etc.

 - TP Rights:
     - Professional and courteous treatment by IRS employees.
     - Privacy/confidentiality about tax matters.
     - To know why the IRS is asking for information, how the IRS will use it, and what will happen if the requested information is not provided.
     - Representation, either oneself or an authorized representative.
- Appeal disagreements, within the IRS and before the courts.

- Information collection:
   - Form 4564 - Information Document Request (IDR) - Used by the IRA to request info from the TP. May ask to see books, etc.
- Representative: Can be self (if MFJ, can be either spouse), enrolled practitioner, or certain close family. Probably best if the TP is not present. Practitioner can be representing only once spouse.
  - If the TP is uncomfortable during the audit while representing self, the IRS must suspend it until they get representation. Unless the IRS has an administrative summons (rare).
- Third party contacts: (Taxpayer First Act of 2019) IRS can contact them without the TP's permission, but IRS must notify the TP first (45 day notice). IRS must state time period (up to 1 year). Doesn't apply to contacting other government agencies, if pending criminal investigation, if would jeopardize collection of tax, may result in reprisal against any person, or the TP authorized the contact.

- Audit determinations:
  - No Change
  - Agreed: Closing agreement signed, audit is closed. IRS usually won't re-open unless fraud/misrepresentation, or substantial IRS error.
  - Unagreed: May request conference with an IRS manager, IRS appeals, US tax court, TP may request fast-track mediation.
      - 30-Day Letter: Notifies the TP's right to appeal within 30 days, includes a copy of the revenue agent report (RAR) and Pub. 5 Your Appeal Rights. TP can sign the agreement form, or appeal (to IRS Appeals, have to wait for 90 day letter to go to Tax Court).
      - 90-Day Letter (Notice of Deficiency): 150 days if foreign address. If the TP doesn't respond to the 30 day, or can't reach an agreement with appeals. Sent as certified mail. Final letter before assessment (and then can't appeal). Can go to IRS Appeals or Tax Court. Or must pay within 10 days before additional penalties/interest start.

- Reconsideration:
   - IRS can do it if the audit assessed additional tax that is unpaid.
   - TP can request it if new information discovered, the TP filed a return to replace a SFR, the TP believes the IRS made a computational/processing error, or the tax remains unpaid or credits denied. Can't if the audit closing agreement was already signed.

- Repeat Examinations: If the TP gets audited 3 years in a row for the same issue and audits resolved with "no change" in the past 2 years, TP can request the IRS discontinue the examination (but they may say no).
- Centralized Partnership Audit Regime (CPAR): Mandatory if 101+ partners or if any partner is a SMLLC or a bankruptcy estate, otherwise can opt out (on form 1065 Schedule B-2 of a timely filed return). If partnership is audited and tax assessed, the partnership itself is taxed rather than the partners.

Appeal Options

Penalties/interest continue to accrue but won't won't go to collections.

- IRS Independent Office of Appeals ("IRS Appeals"): Can choose it after the 30 or 90 letter. Independent of the rest of the IRS. Alternative to going to tax court. Free, but may be slow. Conference with an appeals officer. Arguments be supported by tax law (not constitutional argument, etc.). Unenrolled preparer can be a witness but can't represent the TP. Enrolled representative must have filed form 2848.

- US Tax Court: Can only do it after the 90 day letter. Costs a filing fee (but don't have to pay the tax first). Once it's docketed, the IRS Appeals office will try to resolve it (gets resolved 90% of the time before going to court).
    - Representation: Can be self ("pro se"), a lawyer, or EA/CPA only if passed exam to the tax court exam (rare).
   - Decisions:
        - Regular decision: First time ruling the on the issue.
        - Memorandum decision: The court already ruled on the issue.
   - Jurisdiction: Notices of deficiency, failure to abate interest, partnership items, admin costs, worker classification, review of collection actions. Not FBAR, foreign financial reporting.
        - On types of tax: income, estate, gift, excise tax, re-determine transferee liability, spouse relief, whistleblower awards.
   - Small Tax Case Procedure ("S-case" procedure): $50,000 max (total amount for all years, or per quarter for worker classification). Neither side can appeal the decision. Not treated as precedent, not published. Not related to the IRS's "Small Case Request."

- US Court of Federal Claims or a US District Court: (rare) Can bypass the IRS Appeals and US Tax Court. TP must pay the tax first and then sue for a refund.

E-file

- E-file mandate: e-file required if the firm files > 10 returns/year (1040/1041 forms). Doesn't apply to payroll 940/941 forms. Applies to sum of all preparers in a firm. Preparers can charge extra for e-filing (some states don't allow e-file fees).
     - Exempt: Foreign preparers exempt (can't get an EFIN), fiduciaries that file fiduciary returns, form 8944 E-file Hardship Exemption (waiver for all preparer's returns because of economics or disaster).
          - Form 8948 Explanation for Not e-Filing: Filed with each paper return if filing with a PTIN as a paid preparer. For reasons above (other than fiduciaries), or client is member of recognized religious group that is opposed, or client request to paper file.
- EFIN application: US citizen / green card holder, age 18+, meet state/local licensing/bonding requirements. No fee. Fingerprinting if not enrolled preparer. Criminal background check, credit history, tax compliance check. List form types on application. For each office location. Not transferable, even if selling tax business.
- W-2 requirement: Can't e-file if didn't receive all W-2s first. (Or form 4852 if impossible to get the forms from the employer, or if the TP lost them wait til around June and request TP's wage transcripts to get the info.)
- E-file rejections: If can't rectify it, must tell the TP within 24 hours. Must give the TP the IRS reject codes. If can't fix, may have to paper file.
     - Perfection period: Time to paper file if e-file rejected. 5 calendar days for personal returns, 10 days for business returns. Include: explanation of why, copy of rejection notification, brief history of actions taken. Write "REJECTED ELECTRONIC RETURN-(date)" (date of the first e-file rejection) on the top of the first page. Late payment penalties still apply.
- Electronic Return Originators (ERO): Person who can e-file. Someone else could prepare the return.
      - Requirements: Timely submit returns, submit supporting paper docs, provide copy to the TP, retain record of returns filed (and make available to the IRS on request), work with the TP to correct rejected return, enter the PTIN info, recognize fraud/abuse.
      - Advertising: Can't promise a time frame for refunds. Can't use the IRS logos/seals. Can use the "Authorized IRS e-file Provider" logo. Must keep copy of ads for at least 36 months.

- E-signature:

  - Types:
       - Self-Select PIN Method: (less common) TP provides prior year AGI for verification, TP enters their own PIN using keystrokes after reviewing the return. Or TP can authorize the ERO to enter the PIN on their behalf (with a signed signature authorization form).
       - Practitioner PIN Method: (more common) Have the TP sign Form 8879 - e-file Signature Authorization. Preparer enters a pin (e.j. the TP's zip code).
- Signing form 8879 Authorization: Not submitted, but must be retained for 3 years. AGI can't differ by more than $50, and total tax by $14.
       - Handwritten signature: Can be in person, mailed, fax, or scanned and
emailed/uploaded.
       - E-signature:
          - In-person: (in-person e-signing) Inspect valid government picture ID, and record the name, SS #, address, and DOB. Optional credit check. Must verify every
year.
         - Remote transactions: Verify name, SS #, address, DOB, and other info on
record are consistent with record checks with credit bureau etc. (KBA). Must
verify every year.

•  Undisclosed Offshore Accounts: Foreign financial accounts that have not been reported to the IRS as required by tax laws.
• Voluntary Compliance: The act of voluntarily complying with tax laws by filing accurate and timely tax returns and paying taxes owed.
•  Withholding Compliance Program: An IRS program designed to ensure employers comply with income tax withholding and reporting requirements for employees.
• Worker Classification: The determination of whether a worker is classified as an employee or an independent contractor for tax and employment purpose.
•  Audit Reconsideration: The process of requesting a new examination of a tax return when a taxpayer disagrees with the results of a previous audit. An Audit
  Reconsideration is a process used by the IRS to assist taxpayers who disagree with the results of previous IRS audit.
• Collection Due Process Hearing: A hearing conducted by the IRS Office of Appeals to review collection actions, such as levies or liens, and consider alternatives for resolvingtax debts. A Collection Due Process Hearing, also known as a CDP hearing, may be yourlast best chance to resolve a tax controversy with the IRS short of tax
  litigation.
• Equitable Relief: A form of relief available to certain individuals who do not qualify for innocent spouse relief but believe it would be unfair to hold them liable for tax debts.
• Identity Theft: The fraudulent use of another person's personal information to commit tax fraud or other financial crimes.
• Offer in Compromise Unit: The unit within the IRS responsible for reviewing and processing offers in compromise submitted by taxpayers.
•  Practitioner Priority Service (PPS): A toll-free telephone service provided by the IRS for tax professionals to get assistance on client-related matters. PPS is a professional support line staffed by IRS customer service representatives specially trained to handle practitioners' accounts questions.
• Problem Resolution Program (PRP): A program offered by the IRS to help taxpayers resolve ongoing or systemic tax problems they have been unable to resolve through normal channels.
• Qualifying Relative: An individual who meets specific criteria to be considered a dependent for tax purposes, such as a close relative who receives more than half of their support from the taxpayer. An individual who meets specific criteria (dependent taxpayer test, joint return test, gross income test and support test) to be considered a dependent for tax purposes.
•  Refund Offset: The process of applying all or part of a taxpayer's federal tax refund to offset certain outstanding debts, such as unpaid taxes or child support.
•  Return Preparer Office (RPO): The office within the IRS responsible for overseeing and regulating tax return preparers, enforcing compliance with tax laws, and promoting quality in return preparation.
• Self-Employment Tax: The tax paid by self-employed individuals to cover their Social Security and Medicare obligations.
• Taxpayer Assistance Center (TAC): Local IRS offices where taxpayers can receive in- person assistance with tax-related issues, including filing returns, making payments, and resolving problems.
•  Third-Party Authorization: Written authorization from a taxpayer that allows another person or entity to act on their behalf in dealing with the IRS.
•  Transcript: A summary or record of a taxpayer's tax return or account activity, such as an account transcript, wage and income transcript, or return transcript.
• Trust Fund Taxes: Taxes collected from employees or customers on behalf of the government, such as income tax withholding or payroll taxes.

Paper Returns

- TP can paper file their self-prepared returns. If preparer prepared, requires form 8948 - Preparer Explanation for Not Filing Electronically.

- Can't e-file:
   - Older amended/original returns.
   - Individual returns with fiscal tax year (rare)
   - Forms that can't be e-filed.
    - Rare/unusual processing conditions.
    - Estate tax returns (form 706).
    - Deceased TP with SS# rejected because it was turned off.

Safeguarding Taxpayer Data

  - Written Information Security Plan (WISP): required. See example in Pub 5708.
  - IP PIN: IRS will send to the TP automatically if they had identity theft, or the TP can request one. Sent on a CP01N notice, or can get from the IRS website. On a joint return, only the first (primary) person needs to use their pin. Can paper file without the pin, but may be delayed for the IRS to validate their ID.
  - Identity Theft: Using someone's SSN, etc.
   - Spoofed email accounts: Fake emails made to look like they come from a legit source.
   - Social engineering attack: A person pretends to be someone they aren't to get info from someone.
   - Stolen Identity Refund Fraud (SIRF): Criminal filing tax returns with someone else's info to get their refund.
      - Tax preparers can ask for picture ID, SS cards, etc. Best to file letter early so someone else can't claim the refund.